Blockchain consensus mechanisms: PoW and PoS. Coordinating entities in a distributed system has been a long-standing problem in computing. How do you find a way to get everyone on the same page, without a central coordinator pulling the strings?
This is the Byzantine general's problem, where to prevent catastrophic failure of a system, the system's actors must communicate with each other and agree on a single truth. Some of these actors may be unreliable.

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