Over the millennia, every region on Earth has developed its own successful agricultural ecosystem, from flat grain fields and rice terraces on mountain slopes to coastal fish farms and goat herding. Today we are going to break down farming systems into three scales: subsistence, small-scale and industrial farming. And we'll look at how the history of a place plays a huge role in the system we see today as we follow the story of agriculture in the Philippines.

SOURCES

Philippines
Davila, F. (2018). Human ecology and food systems: insights from the Philippines. Review of Human Ecology, 24(1), 23–50. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26506660
Theresa Ventura. (2016). From small farms to progressive plantations: the trajectory of land reform in American colonial Philippines, 1900–1916. Agricultural History, 90(4), 459–483. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3098/ah.2016.090.4.459
Transforming the development and agricultural paradigms: reflections from the small-scale organic rice fields of the Philippines Robin Broad &

John Cavanagh https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03066150.2012.722082

Colonial history
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines
asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/the-philippines-an-overview-of-the-colonial-era/

Agricultural industry
http://asianfarmers.org/afaresearches0876dlsj/2009-09-agribusiness.pdf
https://ifranchise.ph/multinational-companies/

Age of the peasants
https://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/images/pdf/pjs_pdf/vol149no2/aging_filipino_rice_farmers_.pdf
https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/191635/declining-farmer-population

Land ownership
https://cadasta.org/resources/white-papers/strengthening-land-tenure-informal-ettings/
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2008/3/28/asian-rice-crisis-starts-to-bite
https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2019/12/30/growing-pains-southeast-asian-farmers-need-cheaper-agritech

Climate change
https://theconversation.com/in-philippines-climate-change-and-conflict-both-conspire-against-rural-women-77729
https://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/follow-the-food/a-staple-food-to-withstand-disaster/
https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-45828150
https://www.irri.org/climate-change-ready-rice

Agroecology
Altieri, MA, Funes-Monzote, FR & Petersen, P. Agroecologically efficient agricultural systems for smallholders: contributing to food sovereignty. Agron. Persist. Developer 32, 1–13 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-011-0065-6 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs13593-011-0065-6#citeas
http://safsc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Agroecology-small-farms-and-food-sovereignty.pdf
Agroecology – writ large; https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-5449-2_1#Abs1
Eric Holt-Giménez & Miguel A. Altieri (2013) Agroecology, food sovereignty and the new green revolution, Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 37: 1, 90-102, DOI: 10.1080/10440046.2012.716388
http://safsc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Agroecology-small-farms-and-food-sovereignty.pdf

Water footprint
https://foodprint.org/issues/the-water-footprint-of-food/
https://www.fao.org/3/ap527e/ap527e.pdf

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