A satellite is in fact a self-contained communications system with the ability to receive signals from Earth and send these signals back using a transponder: an integrated receiver and transmitter of radio signals. A satellite must be able to withstand the shock of being accelerated during launch to an orbital speed of 28,100 km (17,500 miles) per hour and a hostile space environment in which it may be exposed to radiation and extreme temperatures during its expected operational life. up to 20 years. In addition, satellites must be light, as the cost of launching a satellite is quite expensive and depends on its weight. To meet these challenges, satellites must be small and made of lightweight and durable materials. They must function with a very high reliability of more than 99.9 percent in the vacuum of space, without the prospect of maintenance or repair.

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