LPWAN playlist. Watch this video to learn more about LPWAN.
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Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) is an emerging wireless communications network designed to enable long-distance communications at low bit rates between connected devices, such as battery-powered sensors. LPWANs can be divided into two main categories based on the frequency bands they use: 1) unlicensed band LPWANs and 2) licensed band LPWANs.

LPWAN without license

Overview: Unlicensed Band LPWAN operates in frequency bands that are open for public use without the need for a spectrum license. These bands are subject to regional regulations, but typically include frequencies such as the 433 MHz, 868 MHz (Europe), 915 MHz (North America), and the 2.4 GHz ISM band worldwide.

Examples:
LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network): A widely adopted unlicensed LPWAN technology that uses the Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) modulation technique to achieve long-distance communications with low power consumption.
Sigfox: Another popular unlicensed LPWAN technology that uses Ultra Narrowband (UNB) modulation to enable devices to transmit small amounts of data over long distances with very low power consumption.

Advantages:
Lower costs: No spectrum licensing fees, reducing the overall cost of network deployment and operation.
Ease of deployment: Easier to set up and deploy due to the license-free nature of the spectrum.

Cons:
Interference: Higher risk of interference from other devices and networks operating in the same unlicensed bands.
Regulatory Restrictions: Subject to regional regulatory restrictions, such as duty cycle limitations and transmission power limits, which may impact performance and coverage.

Licensed LPWAN

Overview: Licensed Band LPWAN operates in frequency bands that require a spectrum license from the regulatory authority. These bands are typically used by mobile network operators (MNOs) and provide a more controlled and interference-free environment.

Examples:
NB-IoT (Narrowband Internet of Things): A licensed LPWAN technology standardized by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), operating in the licensed spectrum used by mobile networks. It provides secure, reliable and efficient IoT connectivity.
LTE-M (Long Term Evolution for Machines): Another 3GPP standardized technology that leverages existing LTE infrastructure to provide LPWAN connectivity within the licensed spectrum.

Advantages:
Quality of Service (QoS): Licensed spectrum provides a higher level of QoS with less interference and better reliability.
Security: Enhanced security features through controlled and regulated access to spectrum.
Integration with mobile networks: Can leverage existing mobile infrastructure, allowing easier integration and broader coverage.

Cons:
Costs: higher costs due to spectrum licensing fees and possibly higher service costs from MNOs.
Complexity: Implementation and management can be more complex and require coordination with MNOs and compliance with more stringent regulatory requirements.

LPWAN without license (RPMA)
Random Phase Multiple Access (RPMA) is a wireless communications technology primarily used in low-power wide-area networks (LPWANs). Developed by Ingenu, it is designed to enable connectivity for Internet of Things (IoT) devices. These are the most important aspects of RPMA:
Random Phase: RPMA uses random phase shifts in the transmitted signals so that multiple devices can share the same frequency spectrum. This helps minimize interference and increase network capacity.
Multiple Access: This refers to the ability of multiple devices to access the network at the same time. RPMA achieves this through a combination of spread spectrum and random phase techniques, which ensure that communication remains reliable even at high device density.
Low Power Consumption: RPMA is optimized for low power consumption, making it suitable for battery-powered IoT devices that need to operate for extended periods without frequent battery replacement.

Broad Coverage: RPMA provides extensive coverage, often much greater than traditional mobile networks. This is beneficial for IoT applications in remote or difficult-to-reach areas.
High capacity: The technology supports a large number of devices per network, making it ideal for large-scale IoT deployments where many devices need to be connected and managed efficiently.
Robustness and reliability: RPMA's use of spread spectrum techniques makes it robust against interference and multipath fading, which are common challenges in wireless communications. This ensures a reliable connection, even in challenging environments.
Scalability: RPMA networks can easily scale as the number of connected devices grows without significant performance degradation.

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