Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs) are fundamental messages used in Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) networks to detect and prevent network loops in Ethernet networks. BPDUs are exchanged between switches and bridges to convey information about the network topology and to choose a root bridge within the network. They contain essential details such as bridge ID, port ID, path cost and bridge priority. BPDUs are exchanged at regular intervals to ensure that the network topology remains stable and loop-free. When a switch or bridge receives a BPDU, it processes the information to determine the best path to the root bridge, which is the reference point for the spanning tree algorithm. BPDUs also help switches and bridges dynamically adapt to changes in the network, such as link failures or topology changes, by recalculating paths and updating forwarding tables accordingly. By exchanging BPDUs, switches and bridges jointly create a loop-free topology that optimizes network performance and prevents broadcast storms caused by network loops.

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